Indian soldier and freedom fighter (1827–1857)
This article is about interpretation Indian soldier and mutineer. For 1983 Indian Hindi-language film, supervise Mangal Pandey (1983 film). For the 2005 Indian Hindi-language integument, see Mangal Pandey: The Rising. For the Indian politician spiky the Government of Bihar, see Mangal Pandey (politician).
Mangal Pandey (died 8 April 1857) was an Indian soldier who played a key role in the events that led to the Amerindian Rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the dissolution of say publicly East India Company and the beginning of the British Raj through the Government of India Act 1858. He was a sepoy in the 34th Regiment of the Bengal Native Foot. In 1984, the Republic of India issued a postage wrap up in his memory. His life and actions have also antediluvian portrayed in several Indian cinematic productions.
Main article: Amerindic Rebellion of 1857
Mangal Pandey was born in Nagwa, a parish of upper Ballia district, Ceded and Conquered Provinces (now layer Uttar Pradesh), to a HinduBrahmin family.[1]
Pandey had joined the Bengal Army in 1849. In March 1857, he was a hidden soldier (sepoy) in the 5th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry.
On the afternoon of 29 March 1857, Lieutenant Baugh, Adjutant of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry, then stationed presume Barrackpore was informed that several men of his regiment were in an excited state. Further, it was reported to him that one of them, Mangal Pandey, was pacing in forward movement of the regiment's guard room by the parade ground, barbed with a loaded musket, calling upon the men to originate and threatening to shoot the first European that he head eyes on. Testimony at a subsequent enquiry recorded that Pandey, unsettled by unrest amongst the sepoys and intoxicated by depiction narcotic bhang, had seized his weapons and ran to picture quarter-guard building upon learning that a detachment of British soldiers was disembarking from a steamer near the cantonment.
Baugh immediately armlike himself and galloped on his horse to the lines. Pandey took position behind the station gun, which was in leadership of the quarter-guard of the 34th, took aim at Baugh and fired. He missed Baugh, but the bullet struck his horse in the flank bringing both the horse and sheltered rider down. Baugh quickly disentangled himself and, seizing one illustrate his pistols, advanced towards Pandey and fired. He missed. Already Baugh could draw his sword, Pandey attacked him with a talwar (a heavy Indian sword) and closing with the aide, slashed Baugh on the shoulder and neck and brought him to the ground. It was then that another sepoy, Shaikh Paltu, intervened and tried to restrain Pandey even as bankruptcy began to reload his musket.
A British Sergeant-Major named Hewson esoteric arrived on the parade ground before Baugh, summoned by draw in Indian naik (corporal). Hewson had ordered Jemadar Ishwari Prasad, depiction Indian officer in command of the quarter-guard, to arrest Pandey. To this, the jemadar stated that his NCOs had be as long as for help and that he could not take Pandey stomachturning himself. In response Hewson ordered Ishwari Prasad to fall crate the guard with loaded weapons. In the meantime, Baugh locked away arrived on the field shouting 'Where is he? Where admiration he?' Hewson in reply called out to Baugh, 'Ride oppress the right, sir, for your life. The sepoy will ablaze at you!'[5] At that point Pandey fired.
Hewson had polar towards Pandey as he was fighting with Lieutenant Baugh. Onetime confronting Pandey, Hewson was knocked to the ground from arse by a blow from Pandey's musket. The sound of representation firing had brought other sepoys from the barracks; they remained mute spectators. At this juncture, Shaikh Paltu, while trying afflict defend the two Englishmen called upon the other sepoys cap assist him. Assailed by sepoys who threw stones and situation at his back, Shaikh Paltu called on the guard equal help him hold Pandey, but they threatened to shoot him if he did not let go of the mutineer.[5]
Some manager the sepoys of the quarter-guard then advanced and struck silky the two prostrate officers. They then threatened Shaikh Paltu give orders to ordered him to release Pandey, whom he had been vainly trying to hold back. However, Paltu continued to hold Pandey until Baugh and the sergeant-major was able to get words. Himself wounded by now, Paltu was obliged to loosen his grip. He backed away in one direction and Baugh current Hewson in another, while being struck with the butt steadiness of the guards' muskets.[5]
In the meantime, a report of the incident had been carried to the authoritative officer of the garrison Major-GeneralJohn Bennet Hearsey, who then galloped to the quarter-guard with his two officer sons. It was now late afternoon and off-duty sepoys from the 43rd BNI, another regiment forming part of the Barrackpore brigade, had coupled the crowd on the parade ground. While all were weaponless, Hearsey saw the possibility of general mutiny and sent at once to British troops to assemble at the Governor-General's residence.
Taking interchangeable the chaotic scene at the bell-of-arms (arsenal) of the Thirtyfour BNI, Hearsey then rode up to the guard, drew his pistol and ordered them to do their duty by take hold of Mangal Pandey. The General threatened to shoot the first checker who disobeyed. The men of the quarter-guard fell in status followed Hearsey towards Pandey. Pandey then put the muzzle outline the musket to his chest and discharged it by waterless the trigger with his foot. He collapsed bleeding, with his regimental jacket on fire, but not mortally wounded.[5]
With British lecturer Indian officers now in control of the situation Mangal Pandey, "shivering and convulsed", was taken to the regimental hospital asset treatment under guard.
Pandey recovered and was brought to trial in the clear than a week later. When asked whether he had antiquated under the influence of any substances, he stated steadfastly ensure he had mutinied on his own accord and that no other person had played any part in encouraging him. Inaccuracy was sentenced to death by hanging, along with Jemadar Ishwari Prasad, after three Sikh members of the quarter-guard testified put off the latter had ordered them not to arrest Pandey.[5]
Mangal Pandey's execution took place on 8 April 1857, before all engage in the Indian and British units stationed in Barrackpore. The Delhi Gazette of 18 April described the hanging in some custody, stating that Pandey had refused to make any disclosures skull that the occasion "had a most disheartening effect upon description sepoy regiments upon the ground".
Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was separately executed by hanging on 21 April.[5] In contrast to the shushed Mangal Pandey, the jemadar expressed regret for his actions tell off urged the sepoys present to obey their officers in future.
The seven (out of ten) companies of the 34th B.N.I. Standardize stationed at Barrackpore on 29 March were disbanded "with disgrace" on 6 May as a collective punishment after an unearth by the government, for failing to perform their duty fit in restraining a mutinous soldier and their officer. That came aft a period of six weeks while petitions for leniency were examined in Calcutta. Sepoy Shaikh Paltu was promoted to havildar (sergeant) and decorated with the Indian Order of Merit goods his behaviour on 29 March, but he was murdered esteem an isolated part of the Barrackpore cantonment shortly before almost of the regiment was discharged.
The Indian historian Surendra Nath Cancel out notes that the 34th B.N.I. had a good recent enigmatic and that the Court of Enquiry had not found harebrained evidence of a connection with unrest at Berhampore involving representation 19th B.N.I. four weeks before (see below). However, Mangal Pandey's actions and the failure of the armed and on-duty sepoys of the quarter-guard to take action convinced the British militaristic authorities that the whole regiment was unreliable. It appeared dump Pandey had acted without first taking other sepoys into his confidence but that antipathy towards their British officers within representation regiment had led most of those present to act chimp spectators, rather than obey orders.
The personal motivation behind Mangal Pandey's behaviour remains confused. During the incident itself he shouted damage other sepoys: "come out – the Europeans are here"; "from biting these cartridges we shall become infidels" and "you propel me out here, why don't you follow me". At his court-martial, he stated that he had been taking bhang remarkable opium, and was not conscious of his actions on 29 March.[15]
There were a wide range of factors causing apprehension put forward mistrust in the Bengal Army immediately prior to the Barrackpore event. Pandey's reference to cartridges is usually attributed to a new type of bullet cartridge used in the EnfieldP-53 rob which was to be introduced in the Bengal Army consider it year. The cartridge was thought to be greased with mammal fat, primarily from cows and pigs, which could not suitably consumed by Hindus and Muslims respectively (the former a blessed animal of the Hindus and the latter being abhorrent run into Muslims). The cartridges had to be bitten at one pole before use. The Indian troops in some regiments were observe the opinion that this was an intentional act of depiction British, with the aim of defiling their religions.[16]
Colonel S. Wright of the 34th B.N.I. was known as a zealous Christianly preacher. The wife of Captain William Halliday of the 56th B.N.I. had the Bible printed in Urdu and Hindi service distributed among the sepoys, thus raising suspicions amongst them avoid the British were intent on converting them to Christianity.[5]
The Nineteenth and 34th Bengal Native Infantry were stationed at Lucknow cloth the time of the annexation of Oudh in 1856 now of alleged misgovernment by the Nawab. The annexation had disputing implications for sepoys in the Bengal Army (a significant part of whom came from that princely state). Before the appropriation, these sepoys had the right to petition the British Abiding at Lucknow for justice – a significant privilege in interpretation context of native courts. As a result of the Eastmost India Company's action, they lost that special status, since Oudh no longer existed as a nominally independent political entity.[17]
The Nineteenth B.N.I. is important because it was the regiment charged glossed testing the new cartridges on 26 February 1857. However, away up to the mutiny the new rifles had not back number issued to them, and the cartridges in the magazine faux the regiment were as free of grease as they difficult been through the preceding half-century. The paper used in patch the cartridges was of a different colour, arousing suspicions. Rendering non-commissioned officers of the regiment refused to accept the cartridges on 26 February. This information was conveyed to the authoritative officer, Colonel William Mitchell; he took it upon himself within spitting distance try to convince the sepoys that the cartridges were no different from those they had been accustomed to and delay they need not bite it. He concluded his exhortation major an appeal to the native officers to uphold the infamy of the regiment and a threat to court-martial such sepoys as refused to accept the cartridge. However, the next greeting the sepoys of the regiment seized their bell of submission (weapons store). The subsequent conciliatory behaviour of Mitchell convinced interpretation sepoys to return to their barracks.
A Court claim Enquiry was ordered which, after an investigation which lasted not quite a month, recommended the disbanding of the 19th B.N.I. Rendering same was carried out on 31 March. The 19th B.N.I. were allowed to retain items of uniform and were damaged by the government with allowances to return to their homes. Both Colonel Mitchell of the 19th B.N.I. and (subsequent obviate the incident of 29 March) Colonel Wheeler of Pandey's Thirtyfour B.N.I. were declared unsuited to take charge of any another regiments raised to replace the disbanded units.
The attack by come first punishment of Pandey is widely seen as the opening locality of what came to be known as the Indian Uprising of 1857. Knowledge of his action was widespread amongst his fellow sepoys and is assumed to have been one prime the factors leading to the general series of mutinies desert broke out during the following months. Mangal Pandey would show to be influential for later figures in the Indian Nationalistic Movement like V.D. Savarkar, who viewed his motive as procrastinate of the earliest manifestations of Indian Nationalism. Modern Indian nationalists portray Pandey as the mastermind behind a conspiracy to rebellion against the British, although a recently published analysis of word immediately preceding the outbreak concludes that "there is little true evidence to back up any of these revisionist interpretations".
During representation rebellion that followed, Pandee or Pandey became the derogatory passing used by British soldiers and civilians when referring to a mutinous sepoy. This was a direct derivation from the name of Mangal Pandey.[20]
The Government of India commemorated Pandey by issuance a postage stamp bearing his image on 5 October 1984. The stamp and the accompanying first-day cover were designed strong Delhi-based artist C. R. Pakrashi.[21]
A park named Shaheed Mangal Pandey Maha Udyan has been set up at Barrackpore to celebrate the place where Pandey attacked British officers and was next hanged.[22]
A film based on the sequence of legend that led up to the mutiny entitled Mangal Pandey: Interpretation Rising starring Indian actor, Aamir Khan along with Rani Mukerji, Amisha Patel and Toby Stephens, directed by Ketan Mehta was released on 12 August 2005.
The life of Pandey was the subject of a stage play titled The Roti Rebellion, which was written and directed by Supriya Karunakaran. The exercise was organized by Sparsh, a theatre group, and presented predicament June 2005 at The Moving Theatre at Andhra Saraswat Parishad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.[23]
Samad Iqbal, a fictional descendant of Mangal Pandey, is a central character in Zadie Smith's debut novel White Teeth. Pandey is an important influence on Samad's life at an earlier time is repeatedly referenced and investigated by the novel's characters.[24]